Combining transcranial magnetic stimulation and neuroimaging to map the brain

ÀúÀÚ: Eric M. Wassermann and Jordan Grafman

Ãâó: Trends in cognitive sciences, volume 1, No. 6, pp. 199-200. September . 1997.

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS)´Â ¸Ó¸®¸¦ Àý°³ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ±¹¼Ò ´ë³úÇÇÁúÀ» ÀÎÀ§ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÚ±ØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±â¼úÀÌ´Ù. ¸Ó¸®¿¡ ¹èÄ¡ÇÑ ÄÚÀÏÀ» °æÀ¯ÇÏ¿© °­ÇÑ ÀÚ±âÀåÀÇ º¯È­¸¦ ´ë³ú ÇÇÁú³»¿¡ ¹ß»ý½ÃŲ´Ù. ±×·¯¸é ³úÁ¶Á÷¿¡´Â À¯µµÀü·ù°¡ ¹ß»ýÇϸç À̸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ½Å°æ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ ÀÛµ¿½ÃŰ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. º¸ÅëÀº º° ¹®Á¦°¡ ¾øÁö °¡²û °íÅëÀÌ ¼ö¹ÝµÇ±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ø·¡ TMS´Â ³úÀÇ ¿îµ¿¼º ¿µ¿ªÀ» ÀÚ±ØÇÏ°í ±ÙÀ°ÀÇ ¹ÝÀÀÀ» °üÂûÇÏ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ³ú ô¼ö ½Å°æ°è¸¦ Á¶»çÇÒ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î °³¹ßµÇ¾ú´Ù. º¸ÅëÀÇ TMS´Â ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ÀÚ±ØÀ» ¿¬¼ÓÇÏ¿© ÁÙ ¼ö´Â ¾ø°í ÇѹøÀÇ ÆÞ½º¸¦ ÁÖ´Â ÀåÄ¡ÀÌÁö¸¸, ¹Ýº¹ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÚ±ØÀ» °¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â rTMS´Â º¸´Ù Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ ´ë³úÇÇÁúÀÇ ÀÛ¿ëÀ» À¯Áö ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿äÁîÀ½ ½Å°æ°úÇÐÀÚ µé¿¡°Ô ºÎ½ °ü½ÉÀÇ ´ë»óÀÌ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

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rTMS´Â Á¤»óÀÎÀÇ motor speech area¸¦ ÀÚ±ØÇÏ¿© ÀÚ±ØÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁö´Â µ¿¾È ½Ç¾îÁõÀ» À¯¹ßÇÏ´Â ½ÇÇèÀ¸·Î Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù[Âü°í¹®Çå1,2,3]. ¶ÇÇÑ ¿ÞÂÊ, ¿À¸¥ÂÊ ÀüµÎ¿±À» ÀÚ±ØÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ ±âºÐÀÇ º¯È­°¡ °üÂûµÇ±âµµ ÇÏ¿´´Ù[Âü°í¹®Çå 4, 5, 6, 7]. ¶ÇÇÑ, ¿îµ¿ ÇнÀ[Âü°í¹®Çå 8], working memory[Âü°í¹®Çå 9], ½Ã°¢ÀÎÁö¿Í visual attention¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °Íµµ ¿¬±¸µÇ¾ú´Ù[Âü°í¹®Çå 10]. ÇÑÆí °­·ÂÇÑ Àڱؿ¡ ÀÇÇÑ °£Áú Áõ»óÀ» º¸ÀÌ´Â À§Ç輺µµ º¸°íµÇ¾ú´Ù[Âü°í¹®Çå 11,12,13]. TMS¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ È¿°ú´Â ±ÙÀ°ÀÇ ¹ÝÀÀÀ» Á¤·®Àû ºÐ¼®À» ÅëÇØ¼­ ¸Å¿ì Á¤¹ÐÇÑ ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î ÃøÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿©, TMSÀÇ °³Ã´ÀÚµéÀº ¿îµ¿ÇÇÁúÀÇ ÀÚ±ØÀº corticospinal ´º·±À» Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Îµµ Ȱ¼ºÈ­ ½Ã۰í '½Ã³À½º¸¦ °æÀ¯(transsynaptic)'ÇÏ¿©¼­µµ Ȱ¼ºÈ­ ½ÃÅ´À» ¹àÇû´Ù. Á÷Á¢ÀúÀÌ³Ä °£Á¢ÀûÀ̳Ĵ TMSÀÇ °­µµ¿Í ÀÚ±ØÄÚÀÏÀÇ ¹æÇâ¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÑ´Ù.

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ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ Tomas Paus ¿Í ±×ÀÇ µ¿·áµéÀº frontal eye field¸¦ rTMS ÀÚ±ØÇÏ°í µÎÁ¤¿±ÀÇ ¾È±¸¿îµ¿ ¿µ¿ªÀÇ transsynaptic activation À» ¼³¸íÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© PET¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù[Âü°í¹®Çå 14]. ¿À·§µ¿¾È ±â´Ù·ÁÁ³´ø ÀÌ ±â¼úÀû ¹ßÀüÀº ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ¸¹Àº ±â¿©¸¦ ÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ±â´ëµÈ´Ù. ÀúÀÚµéÀÌ À̾߱â Çϱâ·Î´Â »ç¶÷ ³úÀÇ ±¸Á¶Àû ¿¬°áÀ» ¹àÈû¿¡ ÀÖ¾î »õ·Î¿î ±â¼úÀ» ¼Ò°³ÇÑ´Ù°í ¹àÈ÷°í ÀÖ´Ù. TMS¿Í PET¸¦ µ¿½Ã¿¡ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ÀÌ ±â¼úÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© Á¤»óÀΰú ȯÀÚÀÇ ºñ±³¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© ³úÀÇ ±¸Á¶Àû Â÷À̸¦ Á¶»ç ÇÒ ¼ö µµ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ Áß¿äÇÑ ¸ñÇ¥´Â TMS¿Í functional - MRI¿ÍÀÇ °áÇÕÀÌ´Ù. Functional- MRI´Â PET º¸´Ù ½Ã°£ºÐÇØ´É, °ø°£ºÐÇØ´É Ãø¸é¿¡¼­ ´Ù¼Ò ¶Ù¾î³ª´Ù. TMS¿Í µ¿½Ã¿¡ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù¸é ³úÀÇ ÀÛµ¿À» Á»´õ Àß ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̰í,±â´ÉÀû ½Å°æÀÇ ±¸Á¶¸¦ ´õ ¼¼¹ÐÈ÷ ¹àÈú ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

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1.Pascual-Leone, A., Gates, J.R. and Dhuna, A.(1991) Induction of speech arrest and counting errors with rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation, Neurology 41, pp. 697-702.

2.Jennum, P. et al. (1994) Speech localization using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, Neurology, 44, pp. 269-273.

3. Epstein, C.M. et al. (1996) Optimum stimulus parameters for lateral suppression of speech with magnetic brain stimulation, Neurology, 47, pp. 1590-1593.

4.George, M.S. et al. (1996) Changes in mood and hormone levels after rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the prefrontal cortex, J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 8, pp. 172-180.

5. Pascual-Leone, A., Catala, M.D. and Pascual-Leone Pascual, A. (1996) Lateralizaed effect of rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the prefrontal cortex on mood, Neurology, 46, pp. 499-502.

6. Pascual-Leone, A. et al. (1996) Beneficial effect of rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in drug-resistant depression , Lancet, 348, pp. 233-238.

7. George, M.S. et al. Daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves mood in depression: a placebo-controlled crossover trial, Am. J. Psychiatry (in press).

8. Pascual-Leone, A. et al. (1996) The role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in implicit procedural learning , Exp. Brain. Res. 107, pp. 479-485.

9. Pascual-Leone, A. and Hallett, M. (1994) Induction of errors in a delayed response task by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, NeuroReport 5, pp. 2517-2520.

10. Pascual-Leone, A. et al. (1994) Induction of visual extinction by rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of parietal lobe, Neurology, 44, pp.494-498.

11. Pascual-Leone, A. et al. (1993) Safety of rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation in normal volunteers, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 89, pp. 120-130.

12. Wassermann, E.M. et al. (1996) Seizures in healthy people with repeated "safe" trains of transcranial magnetic stimuli, Lancet, 347, p. 825.

13. Wassermann, E.M. Risk and safety of repeative transcranial magnetic stimulation: report and recommendations from the international Workshop on the safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, June 5-7, 1996. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. (in press)

14. Paus, T. et al. (1997) Transcranial magnetic stimulation during positron emission tomography: a new method for studying connectivity of the human cerebral cortex, J. Neurosci. 17, 3178-3184.

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