Formation of Cortical Cognitive Map by Self-Organization
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: Shun-ichi AmariÃâó
: Computational Neuroscience , edited by Eric L. Schwartz, The MIT press.1990. pp. 267-277¡¡
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½Å°æ°è´Â ÀÚ±âÁ¶Á÷È¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¿ÜºÎ¼¼°è¸¦ ³ú ³»ºÎ¿¡ Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. Áï, ¿ÜºÎ¼¼°èÀÇ °¢°¢ÀÇ ½ÅÈ£¿¡ ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ´Â ´º·±ÀÇ Áý´ÜÀ» Çü¼ºÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´º·±ÀÇ Áý´ÜÀ» ÇÇÁúÀÎÁöÁöµµ(Cortical cognitive map)¶ó°í ºÎ¸¥´Ù. ÀÚ±âÁ¶Á÷È¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Á¤º¸Ç¥ÇöÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº Èï¹Ì·Î¿î ÀÏÀ̸ç, À̸¦ À§ÇØ "ÀÚ±âÁ¶Á÷½Å°æÀå"(Self-Organization Neural Field) ¸ðµ¨À» ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿© ¿©·¯ Ư¼ºÀ» ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ½Ã¹Ä·¹À̼ÇÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ¼ ¿¬±¸ÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ°ÚÁö¸¸ º» ³í¹®¿¡¼´Â ¼öÇÐÀû ºÐ¼®ÀÌ º¸´Ù Áß¿äÇÔÀ» °Á¶ÇÑ´Ù. ¼öÇÐÀû ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé case study¿¡ ³¡³ª¹ö¸®´Â ÄÄÇ»Å͸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ¼öÄ¡Àû ¹æ¹ýº¸´Ù´Â "Åë°ýÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ý" (universal manner)À¸·Î ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.¡¡
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ÀÚ±âÁ¶Á÷È¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Çü¼ºµÈ ±¸Á¶¹°·Î ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î ½Ã°¢°è¿Í ü¼º°¨°¢°è¸¦ »ý°¢ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. À̵éÀº Á¤º¸°ø°£ÀÇ ¸ð¾çÀ» ±×´ë·Î À¯ÁöÇÏ¸é¼ Á¤º¸Ç¥ÇöÀ» ÇϰíÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·± Ư¼ºÀ» topographic organization À̶ó°í Çϸç, ½Ã°¢°èÀÇ °æ¿ì retinotopy, ü¼º°¨°¢°èÀÇ °æ¿ì somatotopy¶ó°í ºÎ¸¥´Ù. ³úÀÇ ½Ã°¢°è´Â ¸ð¾çÀÇ Á¤º¸ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀÎ ¼±ºÐ, ¹æÇâµéÀ» ÀÎÁöÇÏ´Â ¿©·¯ ¼¼Æ÷±ºÀ¸·Î ºÐ·ùµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ½ÀÌ °üÂûµÈ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÎÁöÁöµµ´Â À¯Á¤Á¤º¸ ¼Ó¿¡ ¸ðµÎ ³»ÀçµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °Í °°Áö´Â ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, À¯ÀüÁ¤º¸¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼´Â ´ëÃæÀÇ ´º·±°£ ¿¬°á¸¸ Çü¼ºÇÏ¸ç ¿ÜºÎ¼¼°èÀÇ Á¤º¸µéÀÌ ³ú·ÎÀÇ ÀԷ°úÁ¤°ú ÀÚ±âÁ¶Á÷È¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÈÄõÀûÀ¸·Î ȹµæµÇ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁø´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ½Ã°¢°èÀÇ Èï¹Ì·Î¿î Á¡ ÁßÀÇ ÇѰ¡Áö°¡ 3Â÷¿ø ½Ã°¢Á¤º¸¸¦ 2Â÷¿ø ½Å°æÀå¿¡ Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´É·ÂÀε¥, ¼öÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î´Â 3Â÷¿ø °ø°£À» 2Â÷¿ø °ø°£À¸·Î ÅäÆú·ÎÁö¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÑ Ã¤ »ç»óÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, ³ú´Â ÀÌ·± ¹®Á¦¸¦ ¾çÀÚÈ(Quantization)¿Í ¹Ì¼¼Ä÷³±¸Á¶·Î ÇØ°áÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Á¤¹ÐÇÑ ±¸Á¶´Â ÀÚ±âÁ¶Á÷ȿ͵µ °ü°è ÀÖ°í, ¿Ü°è Á¤º¸±¸Á¶¸¦ ¹Ù²Ù¸é ³»ºÎ±¸Á¶µµ ±×¿¡ µû¶ó º¯ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.¡¡
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1) Amplification Property
"
½ÅÈ£°ø°£¿¡¼ ½Å°æÀå¿¡ ÁÖ¾îÁö´Â ½ÅÈ£ÀÇ ºóµµ°¡ ³ôÀ»¼ö·Ï ½Å°æÀå¿¡¼ Çü¼ºµÇ´Â cognitive -mapÀÇ Å©±â°¡ Ä¿Áø´Ù."2)
Resolution of a Continuous Cognitive Map"½ÅÈ£°ø°£¿¡¼ ¼·Î ´Ù¸¥ ½ÅÈ£¸¦ ºÐ·ùÇÏ¿© ÀÎÁö ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ½Å°æÀåÀÇ ºÐÇØ´ÉÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÑ´Ù."
3) Law of Constant Activity
"ÀÚ±âÁ¶Á÷È´Â ½Å°æÀå¿¡ ÃâÇöÇÏ´Â ½ÅÈ£ÀÇ ºóµµ¸¦ µ¿ÀÏÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù."
4) Topological Stability of Cognitive Map - Categorization Property
"½Å°æÀåÀÇ ¾çÀÚȰ¡ ³ªÅ¸³¯ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Á¶°ÇÀ» Á¦½ÃÇϰí, ÀÚ±âÁ¶Á÷È¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ½Å°æÀåÀÌ ¾çÀÚÈ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½À» Á¦½ÃÇÑ´Ù."
Contents
¡¡
Introduction
Fundamental Equations of Self-Organizing Neural Fields
Dynamics of Excitation in Neural Fields
Neural Representation of Signals
Self-Organization of Neural Fields
Geometry of Signal Space
Metric Properties of Cognitive Maps
Amplification Property in a Discrete Map
Resolution of a Continuous Cognitive Map
Law of Constant Activity
Amplification Property in Cognitive Map
Conformal Geometry of Cognitive Maps¡¡
Topological Stability of Cognitive Map - Categorization Property
Conclusion
Fundamental Equations of Self-Organizing Neural Fields
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Dynamics of Excitation in Neural Fields

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: Time constant.-h : Resting potential.
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Self-Organization of Neural Fields
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Hebbian rule:
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Geometry of Signal Space¡¡
Signal space is an n-dimensional vector space. In some case, not all of the in signal space are applied to F but only a small part is used as environmental signals.
We call
a signal set and then they are represented by neural excitations at positions
. Let pi (i=1,¡¦,m) be the probability of occurrence of signal
.Then,
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The geometrical relations between two signals are given by
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Although we do not know the position ? I of the cognitive map, we can show some properties of neural representation, e.g., the amplification property that a large region is assigned to a signal appearing frequency.
Let us introduce an m-dimensional coordinate system
in S to specify a signal. That is, a signal specified by ? is denoted by
. The simplest example is the case where positional information ? denotes positions of some space. It is mathematically tractable to study in F when ? is continuous.
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it is assumed that encoded signals are normalized,
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Now we introduce a Riemannian metric in S that is induced by the encoding
. Let ds be the length between two adjacent signal ? and ? +d? . We define ds by the Euclidean length in X,
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By using the normalization condition (17), we have
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LetThen the volume of a small region is measured by
(21)
Let p(? ) be the probability density of signal
,
(22)(invariant under any coordinate - transformation)
The probability of a signal appearing in a region d? is given by
. It should be remarked that p(? ) and
play a similar role in the formation of a cognitive map.A homogeneous field F is considered to be a Euclidean space. It is interesting to know how a Riemannian manifold S is mapped in a Euclidean field F by self-organization.
Metric Properties of Cognitive Maps
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Amplification Property
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Resolution of a Continuous Cognitive Map
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We study the case where S is a two-dimensional continuous set for the purpose of understanding how signal mutually interact to form a cognitive map. Let us assume that a topological map
is formed between two 2-dimensional field S and F. This means that the final equilibrium solution
takes its maximum, for each fixed ? , at
.
The response region
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Receptive field
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Where
and
.
The efficacy of x0 at the equilibrium is given by
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When f is unit step function, it is proportional to the average firing frequency
of neurons at ? . Since it is given by the probability
that a signal x is included in the receptive field
, where
, we have
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On the other hand,
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where the average is taken over
. Hence, the term
attains its maximum at
, when ? is fixed. Since
itself attains its maximum at
, this implies that
should be a constant function in the equilibrium.
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Law of constant activity
"Self-organization has a tendency of letting all the neurons be excited equally frequently."
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Now we consider resolution of a cognitive map. Let us consider a small region d? in S, and let
be the maximum number of signals in d? whose response regions do not overlap in F. Obviously
is an invariant,
giving the number of distinguishable signal. Since region d? is mapped to
, and an excitation pattern occupies an area
, this number is given by
. Because of (29) and
=const., we have
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In terms of invariant resolution
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Thus we have resolution law.
Resolution Law
"The resolution of signals at ? is proportional to the relative frequency of signals around ? , and is in inverse proportion to the volume density
."
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Conformal Geometry of Cognitive Maps
¡¡
Let us pick up a number of signals in S randomly in proportion to the probability density
and apply only these selected signals, in order to see the positions where these signals represented in F. We have
signals in a small region
.
The expansion rate of areas is given by
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Expansion Law.
"The rate of local expansion of S in the cognitive map is proportional to the invariant frequency."
¡¡
Topological Stability of Cognitive Map - Categorization Property
When S and F have different dimension, there exists no topological correspondence between them in the rigorous mathematical sense. Then, it is interesting to know the structure of a cognitive map when S is, for example, 3-dimensional and F is 2-dimensional.
In order to study the stability of the continuous equilibrium solution
of the field equations (15), we need to write down the variational equation,

around the equilibrium
.
The solution is stable when the operator
has no eigenvalues whose real part is great than 1. However, it is difficult to check it. When S and F are one dimensional and homogeneous, the equilibrium solution has the following form
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with the linear cognitive map
. When f is approximated by the step function, we denote the equilibrium excited region by the interval
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A small variation causes a change in the boundaries to yield new boundries
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We rewrite the variational equation (36) in terms of the variations
to yield a set of differential difference equations. We do not discuss the technical details, but we can prove the following theorem.
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Theorem
"The continuous map
is stable when
, and is unstable when
, where r0 is the length of the receptive field determined from
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¡¡
When the continuous map is stable, the representation changes continuously in ? . However, when it is unstable, the mathematical analyses of the variational equations do not tell us the possible cognitive map. A computer simulated experiment shows that a block structure emerges in this case, as shown in fig .8.

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