Formation of Cortical Cognitive Map by Self-Organization

ÀúÀÚ: Shun-ichi Amari

Ãâó: Computational Neuroscience , edited by Eric L. Schwartz, The MIT press.1990. pp. 267-277

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¿ä¾à :

³úÀÇ ½Å°æ°è´Â ÀÚ±âÁ¶Á÷È­¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¿ÜºÎ¼¼°è¸¦ ³ú ³»ºÎ¿¡ Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. Áï, ¿ÜºÎ¼¼°èÀÇ °¢°¢ÀÇ ½ÅÈ£¿¡ ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ´Â ´º·±ÀÇ Áý´ÜÀ» Çü¼ºÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´º·±ÀÇ Áý´ÜÀ» ÇÇÁúÀÎÁöÁöµµ(Cortical cognitive map)¶ó°í ºÎ¸¥´Ù. ÀÚ±âÁ¶Á÷È­¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Á¤º¸Ç¥ÇöÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº Èï¹Ì·Î¿î ÀÏÀ̸ç, À̸¦ À§ÇØ "ÀÚ±âÁ¶Á÷½Å°æÀå"(Self-Organization Neural Field) ¸ðµ¨À» ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿© ¿©·¯ Ư¼ºÀ» ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ½Ã¹Ä·¹À̼ÇÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ¼­ ¿¬±¸ÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ°ÚÁö¸¸ º» ³í¹®¿¡¼­´Â ¼öÇÐÀû ºÐ¼®ÀÌ º¸´Ù Áß¿äÇÔÀ» °­Á¶ÇÑ´Ù. ¼öÇÐÀû ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé case study¿¡ ³¡³ª¹ö¸®´Â ÄÄÇ»Å͸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ¼öÄ¡Àû ¹æ¹ýº¸´Ù´Â "Åë°ýÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ý" (universal manner)À¸·Î ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

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³úÀÇ ÀÚ±âÁ¶Á÷È­¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Çü¼ºµÈ ±¸Á¶¹°·Î ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î ½Ã°¢°è¿Í ü¼º°¨°¢°è¸¦ »ý°¢ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. À̵éÀº Á¤º¸°ø°£ÀÇ ¸ð¾çÀ» ±×´ë·Î À¯ÁöÇϸ鼭 Á¤º¸Ç¥ÇöÀ» ÇϰíÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·± Ư¼ºÀ» topographic organization À̶ó°í Çϸç, ½Ã°¢°èÀÇ °æ¿ì retinotopy, ü¼º°¨°¢°èÀÇ °æ¿ì somatotopy¶ó°í ºÎ¸¥´Ù. ³úÀÇ ½Ã°¢°è´Â ¸ð¾çÀÇ Á¤º¸ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀÎ ¼±ºÐ, ¹æÇâµéÀ» ÀÎÁöÇÏ´Â ¿©·¯ ¼¼Æ÷±ºÀ¸·Î ºÐ·ùµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ½ÀÌ °üÂûµÈ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÎÁöÁöµµ´Â À¯Á¤Á¤º¸ ¼Ó¿¡ ¸ðµÎ ³»ÀçµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °Í °°Áö´Â ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, À¯ÀüÁ¤º¸¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­´Â ´ëÃæÀÇ ´º·±°£ ¿¬°á¸¸ Çü¼ºÇÏ¸ç ¿ÜºÎ¼¼°èÀÇ Á¤º¸µéÀÌ ³ú·ÎÀÇ ÀԷ°úÁ¤°ú ÀÚ±âÁ¶Á÷È­¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÈÄõÀûÀ¸·Î ȹµæµÇ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁø´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ½Ã°¢°èÀÇ Èï¹Ì·Î¿î Á¡ ÁßÀÇ ÇѰ¡Áö°¡ 3Â÷¿ø ½Ã°¢Á¤º¸¸¦ 2Â÷¿ø ½Å°æÀå¿¡ Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´É·ÂÀε¥, ¼öÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î´Â 3Â÷¿ø °ø°£À» 2Â÷¿ø °ø°£À¸·Î ÅäÆú·ÎÁö¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÑ Ã¤ »ç»óÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, ³ú´Â ÀÌ·± ¹®Á¦¸¦ ¾çÀÚÈ­(Quantization)¿Í ¹Ì¼¼Ä÷³±¸Á¶·Î ÇØ°áÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Á¤¹ÐÇÑ ±¸Á¶´Â ÀÚ±âÁ¶Á÷È­¿Íµµ °ü°è ÀÖ°í, ¿Ü°è Á¤º¸±¸Á¶¸¦ ¹Ù²Ù¸é ³»ºÎ±¸Á¶µµ ±×¿¡ µû¶ó º¯ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.

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º» ³í¹®¿¡¼­´Â ÀÚ±âÁ¶Á÷½Å°æÀåÀÇ »óÅÂ(½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â ÀüÀ§)¸¦ ±â¼úÇÏ´Â ±âº»¹æÁ¤½ÄÀ» ±¸¼ºÇϰí, ¶ÇÇÑ, Çìºñ¾È ÇнÀ ±ÔÄ¢¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÈïºÐ¼º °áÇÕ°¡ÁßÄ¡¿Í ¾ïÁ¦¼º °áÇÕ °¡ÁßÄ¡ÀÇ º¯È­¸¦ ±â¼úÇÏ´Â ¹æÁ¤½ÄÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌµé µÎ °¡Áö¸¦ ±âº» ¹æÁ¤½ÄÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿© ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº Áß¿äÇÑ °á·ÐÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÑ´Ù.

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1) Amplification Property

"½ÅÈ£°ø°£¿¡¼­ ½Å°æÀå¿¡ ÁÖ¾îÁö´Â ½ÅÈ£ÀÇ ºóµµ°¡ ³ôÀ»¼ö·Ï ½Å°æÀå¿¡¼­ Çü¼ºµÇ´Â cognitive -mapÀÇ Å©±â°¡ Ä¿Áø´Ù."

2) Resolution of a Continuous Cognitive Map

"½ÅÈ£°ø°£¿¡¼­ ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ ½ÅÈ£¸¦ ºÐ·ùÇÏ¿© ÀÎÁö ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ½Å°æÀåÀÇ ºÐÇØ´ÉÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÑ´Ù."

3) Law of Constant Activity

"ÀÚ±âÁ¶Á÷È­´Â ½Å°æÀå¿¡ ÃâÇöÇÏ´Â ½ÅÈ£ÀÇ ºóµµ¸¦ µ¿ÀÏÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù."

4) Topological Stability of Cognitive Map - Categorization Property

"½Å°æÀåÀÇ ¾çÀÚÈ­°¡ ³ªÅ¸³¯ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Á¶°ÇÀ» Á¦½ÃÇϰí, ÀÚ±âÁ¶Á÷È­¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ½Å°æÀåÀÌ ¾çÀÚÈ­ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½À» Á¦½ÃÇÑ´Ù."


Contents

¡¡

Introduction

Fundamental Equations of Self-Organizing Neural Fields

Dynamics of Excitation in Neural Fields

Neural Representation of Signals

Self-Organization of Neural Fields

Geometry of Signal Space

Metric Properties of Cognitive Maps

Amplification Property in a Discrete Map

Resolution of a Continuous Cognitive Map

Law of Constant Activity

Amplification Property in Cognitive Map

Conformal Geometry of Cognitive Maps¡¡

Topological Stability of Cognitive Map - Categorization Property

Conclusion


¡¡

Fundamental Equations of Self-Organizing Neural Fields

¡¡

Dynamics of Excitation in Neural Fields

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¼öÇÐÀû °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ º¸¸é ¼ö ¸¹Àº ´º·±ÀÌ »ª»ªÈ÷ ´Ã¾î¼­ ÀÖ´Â ÇÇÁúÀº ½Å°æÀå F ·Î ´Ù·ê ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ½Å°æÀå¿¡¼­ÀÇ À§Ä¡º¤Å͸¦ ¶ó°í ÇÏÀÚ. ±×·¯¸é ½Å°æÀåÀÇ ¾î¶² ÁöÁ¡ ? , ½Å°£ t¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¸·ÀüÀ§´Â ´ÙÀ½ ½Ä (1)·Î½á ±â¼úµÈ´Ù.

¡¡ (1)

¡¡ : The average membrane potential of neurons around position ? at time t.

: The total sum of stimuli that neurons at position ? receive at time t.

? : Time constant.

-h : Resting potential.

À§Ä¡ ? ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ´º·±ÀÇ Æò±Õ Ãâ·Â ÆÞ½ºÀÇ ºóµµ ´Â ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î ÁÖ¾îÁø´Ù.

, (2)

¿©±â¼­ f´Â Ãâ·ÂÇÔ¼ö¶ó°í ºÒ¸®¿ì¸ç, ½Ã±×¸ðÀ̵å ÇÔ¼ö ¶Ç´Â °£´ÜÈ÷ 0°ú 1ÀÇ °ªÀ» °®´Â °è´ÜÇÔ¼ö µîÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

ÇÑÆí, ½Å°æÀå ³»¿¡¼­ ³»ºÎ°áÇÕ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ´º·±À¸·Î ÀԷµǴ ³»ºÎ ÀÚ±ØÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁø´Ù.

(3)

ÇÑÆí ¿ÜºÎ¿¡¼­ ¿À´Â ¿ÜºÎÀÚ±ØÀº ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î ÁÖ¾îÁø´Ù.

(4)

¡¡ : Input signal from the outside of excitatory character.

: Synaptic efficacies of the outer stimuli to the neurons at ? .

: An inhibitory signal that is assumed to be carried by a single axon.

: Inhibitory efficacies of .

±×·¯¸é, ½Ä (3), (4)¸¦ (1)½Ä¿¡ ´ëÀÔÇÏ¸é ´ÙÀ½ÀÌ ±¸ÇØÁø´Ù.

(5)

¡¡Neural Representation of Signals

¿ÜºÎ¿¡¼­ ÀÔ·Â °¡ ÁÖ¾îÁ³À» ¶§ ½Ä(5)ÀÇ ÆòÇü»óÅÂÀÇ ÇØ¸¦ ¶ó°í Çϸé ÀÌ´Â (5)½Ä¿¡¼­ ½Ã°£¹ÌºÐÇ×À» 0À¸·Î º¸³»¾î ´ÙÀ½À» ±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

(6)

¹ÝÀÀ¿µ¿ªÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ (The response region of signal )

.

Áï, ½Å°æÀå¿¡ ¶ó´Â ÀÔ·ÂÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁ³À» ¶§ ½Å°æÀåÀÇ À§Ä¡ ? ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ´º·±ÀÇ ÀüÀ§°¡ ¾çÀÇ °ªÀ» °®´Â ¸ðµç ¿µ¿ªÀ» ÀԷ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ½Å°æÀåÀÇ ¹ÝÀÀ¿µ¿ªÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.

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½ÅÈ£¼ö¿ë¿ªÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ (Receptive field of the neurons at ? ,)

Áï, ½Å°æÀåÀÇ À§Ä¡ ? ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ´º·±ÀÇ ÀüÀ§°¡ ¾çÀÇ °ªÀ» °®°ÔÇÏ´Â ½ÅÈ£°ø°£ÀÇ ¸ðµç ÀԷ¸¦ ? ÀÇ ½ÅÈ£¼ö¿ë¿µ¿ªÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.

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Self-Organization of Neural Fields

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Hebbian rule:

(7)

(8)

½Ä (7)Àº ÈïºÐ¼º ÀԷ½ÅÈ£¿¡ °öÇØÁö´Â °áÇÕÈ¿À²(°¡ÁßÄ¡)ÀÌ°í ½Ä(8)Àº ¾ïÁ¦¼º ½ÅÈ£ ¿¡ °öÇØÁö´Â °áÇÕÈ¿À²(°¡ÁßÄ¡)ÀÌ´Ù.

½Ä (4)¸¦ ¹ÌºÐÇϰí (7)°ú (8)À» ´ëÀÔÇÏ¸é ´ÙÀ½À» ¾ò´Â´Ù.

(9)

(10)

¿©±â¼­ ¼öÇÐÀû Ãë±ÞÀÇ °£ÆíÇÔÀ» À§Çؼ­ x0 ¸¦ »ó¼ö·Î µÐ´Ù.

ÀÌÁ¦ ½ÅÈ£°ø°£¿¡¼­ È®·ü p(x)¸¦ Áö´Ñ ½ÅÈ£µéÀÌ ¹«ÀÛÀ§·Î ½Å°æÀå F ¿¡ ÁÖ¾îÁö´Â °æ¿ì¸¦ »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù.

±×·¯¸é x¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Æò±Õ ¹æÁ¤½ÄÀº ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î ÁÖ¾îÁø´Ù.

±×¸®°í, ÆòÇü ¹æÁ¤½ÄÀº ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î ÁÖ¾îÁø´Ù.

(11)

(12)

¡¡½Ä(9)¸¦ Æò±ÕÃëÇϸé,

(13)

¿©±â¼­ (14)

¡¡ÃÖÁ¾ÀûÀÎ Æò±ÕÈ­ ÆòÇü ¹æÁ¤½ÄÀº ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î ÁÖ¾îÁø´Ù.

(15)


¡¡Geometry of Signal Space

¡¡

Signal space is an n-dimensional vector space. In some case, not all of the in signal space are applied to F but only a small part is used as environmental signals.

We call a signal set and then they are represented by neural excitations at positions . Let pi (i=1,¡¦,m) be the probability of occurrence of signal .Then,

.

The geometrical relations between two signals are given by

.

Although we do not know the position ? I of the cognitive map, we can show some properties of neural representation, e.g., the amplification property that a large region is assigned to a signal appearing frequency.

Let us introduce an m-dimensional coordinate system in S to specify a signal. That is, a signal specified by ? is denoted by . The simplest example is the case where positional information ? denotes positions of some space. It is mathematically tractable to study in F when ? is continuous.

(16)

it is assumed that encoded signals are normalized,

. (17)

Now we introduce a Riemannian metric in S that is induced by the encoding . Let ds be the length between two adjacent signal ? and ? +d? . We define ds by the Euclidean length in X,

By using the normalization condition (17), we have

, (18)

(19)

¡¡Let (20)

Then the volume of a small region is measured by (21)

Let p(? ) be the probability density of signal ,(22)(invariant under any coordinate - transformation)

The probability of a signal appearing in a region d? is given by . It should be remarked that p(? ) and play a similar role in the formation of a cognitive map.A homogeneous field F is considered to be a Euclidean space. It is interesting to know how a Riemannian manifold S is mapped in a Euclidean field F by self-organization.


Metric Properties of Cognitive Maps

¡¡

Amplification Property

¡¡

½ÅÈ£°ø°£ S °¡ m °³ÀÇ ½ÅÈ£ À¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÏÀÚ. ±×·¯¸é, ½Ä (15)´Â ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î º¯ÇüµÈ´Ù.

,

¿©±â¼­, À̸ç, x ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¹ßÈ­ÆÐÅÏÀÌ´Ù. m°³ÀÇ ½ÅÈ£°¡ ¶ß¹®¶ß¹® ¹èÄ¡µÇ¾î ÀÖ°í, ½ÅÈ£¹ÝÀÀ¿µ¿ªÀÌ ¼­·Î ÁßøµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â À§ÀÇ ½ÄÀº ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î °£´ÜÈ÷ ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù.

(23)

ÀÌÁ¦ ¿©±â¼­ º¸À̰íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÀÚÁÖ º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â ½ÅÈ£¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ½ÅÈ£¹ÝÀÀ¿µ¿ªÀÇ Å©±â°¡ Áõ´ëµÇ´Â Çö»óÀÌ´Ù. À̸¦ amplification property¶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. À̸¦ º¸À̱â À§ÇØ ¸ÕÀú ½Å°æÀå F°¡ 1Â÷¿øÀÎ °æ¿ì¸¦ °í·ÁÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸¦ ? = 0 ÁÖº¯ÀÇ Æø a¸¦ °®´Â °æ¿ì¸¦ »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯¸é ½Ä (23)Àº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³¾¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

¿©±â¼­,

¶ÇÇÑ, .

½Å°æÀåÀÇ ¹ÝÀÀ¿µ¿ª Æø a ´Â ÀÇ Á¶°Ç¿¡¼­ ±¸ÇØÁö¸ç, ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.

, (24)

where(25)

½Ä (24)ÀÇ ¿ìº¯ÀÌ 0ÀÌ µÇ´Â Á¶°Ç¿¡¼­ a °ªÀº ´ÙÀ½±×¸²°ú °°ÀÌ , ÀÇ ±³Á¡ÀÇ xÁÂÇ¥°ªÀ» ±¸ÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. µÎ°³ÀÇ ÇØ°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö¸¸, Å« °ªÀÌ ¾ÈÁ¤ÇØ ÀÓÀÌ º¸¿©Á³´Ù [Amari 1977]. ÁÖ¾îÁö´Â ½ÅÈ£ÀÇ È®·üÀÌ Å« °ªÀÎ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â Á÷¼± ´Â ¾Æ·¡·Î ³»·Á¿À°í ±³Á¡ÀÇ °ªÀº ´õ¿í Å« °ªÀ» °®°Ô µÈ´Ù. Áï, ÀÚÁÖ º¸¿©Áö´Â ½ÅÈ£°¡ ³ú ³»¿¡¼­ ¸¹Àº ¿µ¿ªÀ» Â÷ÁöÇÏ°Ô µÊÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.

¡¡

(´ÙÀ½ ¹®Àå¿¡¼­´Â ¿µ¹®À¸·Î ÀÛ¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. Çѱ۷Π¹Ù²Ü °èȹÀÔ´Ï´Ù.)

¡¡

Resolution of a Continuous Cognitive Map

¡¡

We study the case where S is a two-dimensional continuous set for the purpose of understanding how signal mutually interact to form a cognitive map. Let us assume that a topological map is formed between two 2-dimensional field S and F. This means that the final equilibrium solution takes its maximum, for each fixed ? , at .

The response region

.

Receptive field

.

(28)

Where and .

The efficacy of x0 at the equilibrium is given by

When f is unit step function, it is proportional to the average firing frequency of neurons at ? . Since it is given by the probability that a signal x is included in the receptive field , where , we have

. (29)

On the other hand,

where the average is taken over . Hence, the term attains its maximum at , when ? is fixed. Since itself attains its maximum at , this implies that should be a constant function in the equilibrium.

¡¡

Law of constant activity

"Self-organization has a tendency of letting all the neurons be excited equally frequently."

¡¡

Now we consider resolution of a cognitive map. Let us consider a small region d? in S, and let be the maximum number of signals in d? whose response regions do not overlap in F. Obviously is an invariant, giving the number of distinguishable signal. Since region d? is mapped to , and an excitation pattern occupies an area , this number is given by . Because of (29) and =const., we have

, (30)

In terms of invariant resolution

(31)

Thus we have resolution law.

Resolution Law

"The resolution of signals at ? is proportional to the relative frequency of signals around ? , and is in inverse proportion to the volume density ."

¡¡


Conformal Geometry of Cognitive Maps

¡¡

Let us pick up a number of signals in S randomly in proportion to the probability density and apply only these selected signals, in order to see the positions where these signals represented in F. We have signals in a small region .

The expansion rate of areas is given by

Expansion Law.

"The rate of local expansion of S in the cognitive map is proportional to the invariant frequency."

¡¡

Topological Stability of Cognitive Map - Categorization Property

When S and F have different dimension, there exists no topological correspondence between them in the rigorous mathematical sense. Then, it is interesting to know the structure of a cognitive map when S is, for example, 3-dimensional and F is 2-dimensional.

In order to study the stability of the continuous equilibrium solution of the field equations (15), we need to write down the variational equation,

(36)

around the equilibrium .

The solution is stable when the operator has no eigenvalues whose real part is great than 1. However, it is difficult to check it. When S and F are one dimensional and homogeneous, the equilibrium solution has the following form

with the linear cognitive map . When f is approximated by the step function, we denote the equilibrium excited region by the interval

A small variation causes a change in the boundaries to yield new boundries

¡¡

We rewrite the variational equation (36) in terms of the variations to yield a set of differential difference equations. We do not discuss the technical details, but we can prove the following theorem.

¡¡

Theorem

"The continuous map is stable when , and is unstable when , where r0 is the length of the receptive field determined from

" (37)

¡¡

When the continuous map is stable, the representation changes continuously in ? . However, when it is unstable, the mathematical analyses of the variational equations do not tell us the possible cognitive map. A computer simulated experiment shows that a block structure emerges in this case, as shown in fig .8.

¡¡


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¡¡

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¡¡

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¡¡

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¡¡

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¡¡

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¡¡

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¡¡

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¡¡

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